Table of Contents
戦国I (Kano Historical Records, Sengoku I, Ashimizu Household Records, 1476)
四日 幕府、加賀国の一揆中に、摂津之親の所領加賀国倉月荘内南新保西方への違乱を停めさせる。
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戦国I (Kano Historical Records, Sengoku I, Ashimizu Household Records, 1476)
四日 幕府、加賀国の一揆中に、摂津之親の所領加賀国倉月荘内南新保西方への違乱を停めさせる。
「足水家蔵文書」坤(こん)(一四七六) 文明八年(一四七六) 一揆中(pp.263-264)
この場合、この文書の宛先は当地の一門寺や郡中ではなく、直に「一揆中」に送られた。 This particular Monjō is interesting, not merely because it was addressed to the `ikki chū`. It involves a matter pertaining to the `western part of Minami Shinpō, a section of Kuratsuki shōen that was under the jurisdiction of Settsu `Yukichika`. It appears that the Bakufu had sent `many orders` to the Ikki, however they had been told that although there weren`t any disputes. In reality the ikki had been attempting to forcibly take over territory. Hence the Bakufu asked whether the ikki themselves have been engaged in this activity. If so, they ordered them to desist in such activity immediately. Moreover, the Bakufu state that they will take Nishigori Shirō into their confidence (Nishigori being a retainer of the Bakufu), and if he or any of his retinue continue to engage in land seizures, then he (and presumably his retinue) will be punished. The questions that surround this Monjō pertain to the identity of the `ikki chū`. If this was an Ikkō institution, then their presence in Kahoku gun in 1476 is somewhat difficult to explain, given that the ikkō ikki against Togashi Masachika had been driven by ikki from Kahoku and Nomi gun, which had subsequently fled to Etchū. It is possible, as Carol Richmond states, that each ikki was independent of another, and that in this case the Honganji ikki of this section of Kuratsuki shōen were independent of those ikki that had defied Masachika. If this was so, they were evidently powerful enough for the Bakufu to directly correspond with them, ordering them to cease in their attempts to seize territory, and for them not to be the focus of retaliation from Masachika, who presumably was too militarily weak to maintain direct control over this territory. This poses another question – if ikki groups retained control over areas of Kaga, it suggests that Masachika might have made allowances for their presence or at least reaching an agreement with some ikki over administration of territory. Yet another theory would suggest that this ikki was in fact part of the Bakufu apparatus in Kaga (the Ishida theory), in other words that this ikki had existed within Kaga for decades and had assumed command of the territory in the absence of authority from the Settsu. Yet if this is true, why wasn`t Nishigoro Shiro part of the ikki, seeing as he was a Bakufu official located within the shōen? How one perceives this evidence depends on whether one is convinced that the ikki of Kaga were in fact entirely affiliated with Honganji, or subsequent evidence that illustrates the ikki relationship with the Bakufu (as it appears this ikki had been attempting to seize territory) and the suggestion that this ikki was a Bakufu affiliated organization receiving a direct order to work in conjunction with other Bakufu organizations. 井上 鉄夫が指摘したように、ここに語ったという西郡四郎は、後年下間兼頼(丹後玄英の孫)の女が西郡刑部少輔の妻となっているので、本願寺衆につながって門徒化したと見られるが、本来は能美郡における大樹被官(奉公衆)であった。「文安年中御番帳」(「群書類従」)雑部)(一向一揆の研究=354-355頁) 西郡との影響―文明七年、八年の蜂起は、東軍の後押しも、将軍家奉書もなく、守護勢力に庄伏されてしまった。教団組織は講を単位とし、寺院と下道場を中心としているが、寺院―道場の本末関係は師資法流に基つくため、道場が村落の中心となり得ても、一寺の下道場は近郷の村々に地域的にまとまるものではなく、各地に入組散在し、農民蜂起は広範な郷村組織を欠いて孤独的散発的であったことが、その敗因としてあげられる。 しかし、守護勢力も国人を掌握し、それを家臣団に編成したわけではなく、従って未だ領主性を確立できなった国人(在地領主)は、農村を把握するため、本願寺教団と各在所の長衆と提携せぬばらなかった。とくに門徒一揆の実力を眼前に見た国人においてとくに然りである。「徳了袖日記」は、この一揆に富樫方で活躍した松任城主鏑(かぶらや)木繁常が、乱の途中で蓮如に帰依したと記しているし、倉月庄の一揆と西郡四郎が結んでいるのも、このような形勢からであろう。つまり、侍分(反守護派)と百姓分とは阿弥陀の光明によって摂取され妥協し、国人領主化の途を進むこととなったのである。(355-356頁) ところで彼等は地頭職や代官職をも持っており、荘園村落の実質的支配者でもあった。従って彼等の入信は一庄一郷に真宗を弘通させ、帰依入信が罪悪ではなく、百姓の当為のこととなっていく。しかし国人・地侍の連合・征服の過程を通じて、もっと広範な地域つまり組・郡中が教団的・門徒的色彩を濃厚にして行くことになるのである。(356頁) さらに寺社本所領を侵略してゆく侍分が教団に加盟したことは、一向一揆が年貢・公事の無沙汰から盗んで荘園押領を内包すうようになったことで、侍相互の土地争奪が教団活動に現れてくる。応仁の乱も在地領主たる彼等の「結党分群」(官地論)の動きを基礎にもっていたから、このことは蓮如の立場にかかわりなく、教団が大乱における東方または西方へと自らを駆り立てることとなる。文明十二年(一四八○)、朝倉孝景を長崎城に攻めた斯波義良も、翌年加賀に敗走している。つまり一向衆は明らかに西軍につき、幕府をさら相手とするにいたったのである。 国侍・村殿や村落の年寄・長衆の結合は、当時「衆」と呼ばれた。十人衆・河原衆・蓑衆(みのしゅう)などがこれで「一揆」とは「衆」にほかならず、後年これが「組」として組織化されるのである。これは各村々の門徒講を基礎にもつ地域的結合である、一向衆はこの組と講の組織をもつことによって、郡・郷・村を制圧し、広範な郷民蜂起を可能ならしめることができたのである。それは富樫政親が守護の地方官的性格を露骨にして将軍家へ接近するとともに、逆に反幕府的国侍を結集し、阿弥陀如来とその代官たる蓮如の普遍的絶対的権威に近つくのであった。(356-357頁) Note here the emphasis on the intial alliance between those of kokujin and jizamurai status with the villages. When tracing the development of the ikki institution according to Honganji lines, those initial ikki could be viewed as a form of tsuchi ikki, predominantly led by jizamurai or those of dogō status – in other words, hyakushō centered ikki (as most records for the initial support for Masachika would suggest). This development, however, would lead those kokujin residents of the shōen estates to one of two conclusions – convert to the Honganji sect, and lead those villages in one`s jurisdiction in an ikki against the shugo (as occurred in Nomi and Kahoku, and again through the figure of Renso, who himself had been a daikan on behalf of the Asakura and still owed allegiance to them), or attempt to forcibly take over the estate they were associated with in defiance of the shōen owner. It is a question of differentiating kokujin motives, and noting whether they were affiliated with Honganji or not. |
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